What is the primary function of soil microorganisms?

The primary function of soil microorganisms is to decompose organic matter. This process is crucial for nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, break down dead plant and animal material, transforming it into simpler organic compounds. This decomposition releases essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, back into the soil, making them available for uptake by plants. Additionally, the activity of soil microorganisms contributes to soil health by improving soil structure, enhancing water retention, and supporting plant growth.

While microorganisms can play a role in forming soil structure by binding soil particles together, this is a secondary effect of their primary function of decomposition. It is important to note that microorganisms do not increase soil salinity; excessive salinity can be harmful to plant growth. Additionally, soil microorganisms do not absorb sunlight as plants do, since they lack chlorophyll and do not perform photosynthesis. Their role in the soil ecosystem is primarily linked to the breakdown of organic material and nutrient cycling, which sustains plant and animal life in the environment.